Relación de la genotipificación de Helicobacter pylori con la forma e intensidad de la gastritis en población adulta portadora de patología gástrica benigna / Association between helicobacter pylori genotype and the severity of gastritis in infected adults

Background: The damaging capacity of Helicobacter pylori is variable and depends, in part, on its genetic polymorphism. Aim: To study H pylori genes vacA, cagA and iceA and the relationship of these genotypes with the features of acute damage in chronic gastritis. Material and methods: Gastric endoscopic biopsies were obtained in 75 adults for pathological study and genetic typification of H pylori by specific PCR. Results: In only 64 cases, complete information was available. In 53 of these, there was H pylori infection demonstrated by PCR. Twenty one percent had infection by two or more H pylori strains, vacA gene had genotypes s2/m2, s1/m1 and s1/m2 in 36, 25 and 8% of cases respectively, cagA gene was present in 49% of infected patients. iceA gene had genotypes iceA 1 ad iceA 2 in 15 and 60% of patients respectively. The presence of cagA or alleles s1/m1 and s1/m2 of vacA gene was directly correlated with polymorphonuclear infiltration and the severity of epithelial damage. The genotype s2/m2 of vacA gene was significantly associated with a milder or absent mucosal damage. No association was found between iceA alleles and the pathological features of gastritis. Conclusions: Alleles of vacA and cagA genes of H pilory are associated with the severity of gastric mucosal damage.

Inestabilidad microsatelital y pérdida de la heterocigocidad en lesiones neoplásicas y preneoplásicas gástricas / Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in neoplastic and preneoplastic gastric lesions

Gastric cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the general population in Chile, with mortality rates as high as 33.7 per 105 in males in the IX region. A chain of genetic and morphological events precedes the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma. One of them is the called multifocal atrophic gastritis often associated with intestinal metaplasia. Aim: To study the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterocigozity (LOH) in neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of gastric carcinoma, especially intestinal metaplasia. Material and methods: Ninety four gastric cancer biopsies were studied using laser capture microdissection, to obtain well defined cell populations from paraffin-embedded tissues: lymphocytes (control DNA), intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer areas. Primer flanking microsatellite 15 highly polymorphic regions were used to study MSI and LOH. Radioactive PCR products were electrophoresed and exposed for autoradiography. Results: LOH was observed in 83% of gastric carcinomas and in 54% areas containing intestinal metaplasia. The most commonly altered regions were the CA repeat associated with the p53 gene and the 3p21 region. High grade MSI was observed in 11.7% of gastric cancer preparations and 17% of intestinal metaplasia associated to cancer with MSI-H phenotype. Conclusions: MSI and LOH were frequently observed in intestinal metaplasia glands in patients with gastric carcinoma. The frequency of MSI-H phenotype in gastric patients was slightly lower than the one described in sporadic colorectal cancer not associated to HNPCC. The high incidence of genetic lesions in intestinal metaplasia area, support the idea that intestinal metaplasia is a genetically highly unstable cell population (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1227-36).

Mutación puntual del gen supresor de tumores TP53 en lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas del estómago / Mutations of TP53 suppressor gene in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the stomach: cross-sectional study in a high risk region

Background: In the current model for the development of gastric cancer, regions of multifocal atrophic gastritis give rise to intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and finally, adenocarcinoma. Aim: To study the frequency and characteristics of TP53 gene mutations in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the stomach. Material and methods: DNA sequencing of the TP53 gene was performed in 46 patients with gastric carcinoma. Normal mucosa, intestinal metaplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma tissues were obtained by scraping 6-Ám histological sections from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. Results: DNA sequencing of exons 5-9 of the TP53 gene demonstrated a mutation in 31 percent of patients. These findings were seen both in tumoral tissue (13 cases) and in intestinal metaplasia (2 cases). Most mutations were found in exons 5 and 8, and the majority of them were transitions (10 out of 19 mutations). Discussion: Patients with gastric cancer showed a frequency of TP53 mutations similar to that previously communicated in populations with low gastric cancer risk. Moreover, there was a predominance of transitions, genetic alterations that are identified with carcinogenesis associated with N-nitrosamine compounds. Finally, mutations of TP53 gene were detected in areas of intestinal metaplasia

Elementos morfológicos pronósticos en el cáncer de la vesícula biliar / Morphological prognostic factors in gallbladder cancer

Background: The exact survival rates and prognostic factors of gallbladder cancer are still incompletely known. Aim: To report the actuarial survival of patients with gallbladder cancer. Material and methods: Six hundred thirty seven women, aged 59 years old as a mean and 108 men, aged 64 years old as a mean, with gallbladder cancer are reported. Patients were followed for up to 150 months. Results: Two hundred twenty four patients had an early and 521 had an advanced carcinoma. Overall survival was 38 percent at ten years. Sex or ethnic origin did not influence survival. Early tumors had a 92 percent survival at 10 years whereas the survival of advanced tumors was 16 percent at 5 years. Subserous tumors had a 5 years survival of 32 percent whereas serous tumors had a 5 years survival of 11 percent. Well-differentiated advanced tumors had a significantly better survival than moderately or poorly differentiated tumors. Vascular or lymphatic infiltration was also associated to a lower survival. All patients with advanced tumors and vascular infiltration died before 5 years. Conclusions: Tumor infiltration and differentiation degree were the most important prognostic independent factors in gallbladder cancer

Carcinoma incipiente de la vesícula biliar: estudio clínico patológico y pronóstico de 196 casos / Clinical and pathological features of early gallbladder carcinoma

Background: There is little information about the behavior of early gallbladder carcinoma. Aim: To report the clinical and pathological features of 196 patients with early gallbladder carcinoma. Material and methods: All patients with gallbladder cancer diagnosed between 1988 and 1997 were reviewed. In 703 of 829 patients, there was information about clinical features and follow up, and were included in this study. All gallbladders were subjected to a complete mapping. When neoplastic cells involved only the mucosa or muscular layer, the tumors were considered as early. Results: One hundred ninety six patients had an early carcinoma (161 women, aged 57.5 years and 35 male, aged 63.4 years). One hundred twenty eight tumors were located in the mucosa and 68 in the muscular layer. Patients with tumors involving the mucosa were younger than those with tumors involving the muscular layer. All tumors were adenocarcinomas, 66 per cent were well differentiated and 32 per cent moderately differentiated. Tumors were not visible macroscopically in 132 cases. Five and 10 years survival was 92 per cent. Subjects of less than 40 years old had a 100 per cent survival at 5 years. A hepatic and lymph node resection was done in 12 patients with tumors infiltrating the muscular layer but in only one, the tumor infiltrated the liver. No difference in survival was observed when a simple cholecystectomy or radical surgery was done. Conclusions: Nearly 25 per cent of gallbladder carcinomas can be classified as early and its diagnosis requires a directed study. Simple cholecystectomy is curative for this type of gallbladder cancer

Hallazgos en reintervenciones quirúrgicas por cáncer de la vesícula biliar en pacientes con y sin quimio-radiación preoperatoria / Pathological findings in surgical reinterventions for gallbladder cancer in patients with and without preoperative chemo and radiotherapy

Background: The usefulness of surgery in the treatment of gallbladder cancer has not been clearly established. The benefits of chemo and radiotherapy are similarly dubious. Aim: To report the pathological findings in patients subjected to surgical reinterventions for gallbladder cancer. Patients and methods: We report 54 patients with gallbladder cancer that were subjected to a second surgical intervention for resection of liver segments IVb and V and lymph nodes corresponding to the liver hilar, portal, peripancreatic, celiac artery and periaortic territories. Thirteen of these patients were subjected to preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (4500 Gy and 5-fluouracil 500 mg/m2). Results: Lymph node metastases were found in 25 and 38 percent, and liver metastases in 25 and 28 percent of patients with or without chemo-radiotherapy respectively. The most frequent pathological findings attributed to radiation in the liver were fatty infiltration in 75 percent of cases, vascular transformation in 83 percent of cases and minimal periportal lymphocyte infiltration in 40 percent of cases. Lymph nodes were atrophic in 67 percent of cases and had foci of cortical necrosis in 46 percent of cases. Three cases had regional lymph node and liver metastases. Most tumor cells were viable. Conclusions: No differences in the number of lymph node or liver metastases were observed between patients with and without chemo-radiotherapy. No effect of the treatment on residual tumor was observed either

Expresión de CD44 HCAM en el carcinoma subseroso de la vesícula biliar / CD44 HCAM expression in subserous gallbladder carcinoma

Background: HCAM or CD44 is a multifunctional cell adhesion molecule, related to cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and involved in tumor invasion. Aim: To study the importance of CD44 expression in subserous gallbladder carcinoma. Material and methods: One hundred five samples (93 female) of subserous gallbladder carcinoma and 33 non tumoral gallbladder were studied. CD44 was stained using the streptavidine-biotin technique, using human anti CD44 antibodies. Eighty subjects with carcinoma were followed for a period up to 105 months. Results: Mean age of patients was 62,6 years old, all tumors were adenocarcinoma, all were silent and 13 percent were well differentiated. CD44 was expressed in all controls and in 91 percent, the expression was normal. In 57 percent of cancer samples, CD44 expression was abnormal, in 50 percent it was less expressed and in 24 percent, it was not expressed. No differences in CD44 expression was observed between mucosa from control samples and mucosa adjacent to the tumor or superficial or deep tumoral areas. Global five years survival was 40 percent. No significant differences in survival were observed in those tumors with a lower of absent CD44 expression. Six patients with a higher expression died before 18 months of follow up. Conclusions: Nearly 50 percent of subserous gallbladder carcinomas show an abnormal CD44 expression

Quimiorradioterapia postoperatoria en el tratamiento del cáncer gástrico / Postsurgical chemotherapy in the gastric cancer treatment

El cáncer gástrico sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte por Ca en Chile y en el mundo, aunque ha aumentado el número de resecciones curativas persiste un alto porcentaje de recidiva y una baja sobrevida global a 5 años. Con el fin de mejorar estos resultados se ha recurrido a diferentes alternativas de terapia adyuvantes, entre ellas la quimiorradioterapia postoperatoria. Se realizaron 12 gastrectomías totales ampliadas y 13 gastrectomías subtotales con linfadenectomías tipo D2 en 23 pacientes y tipo D1 en 2 casos. La anactomía patológica demuestra que el 85,7 por ciento eran Ca avanzados; 7,1 por ciento Ca incipientes submucosos y 7,1 por ciento eran intermedios. El tratamiento QT-RT se realizó después de la 4ª a 6ª semana de la cirugía, durante 5 semanas. Quimioterapia con 5 FU en dosis de 350 mg/m2 en infusión continua la primera y quinta semana, y radioterapia en dosis de 4500 cGy fraccionados durante las mismas 5 semanas, con 2000 cGy en abdomen total y 2500 como sobreimpresión del lecho gástrico y ganglionar. La sobrevida global actuarial para nuestra serie, según Curva de Kaplan-Meir, fue de 63 por ciento a los 12 meses, y de 30 por ciento a los 5 años

Gen supresor de tumores p53 en neoplasias digestivas / p53 tumor supresor gene in digestive cancer

Malignant diseases of the digestive tract cause more than 50 percent of deaths due to cancer in Chile. There is a high incidence of gastric and gallbladder cancer and an increasing frequency of colorectal cancer. P53 tumor suppressor gene has a great importance in carcinogenesis and its alterations are specially important in digestive tract tumors such as colorectal cancer. There is contradictory evidence about the frequency of p53 gene or protein alterations or their biological significance. There is little information about p53 in Chile and it is mostly limited to immunohistochemical studies. This revision analyzes the frequency of p53 alterations in digestive tract tumors in Chile, using immunohistochemical and molecular biology methods. A special emphasis is given to the prognostic importance of this gene

Mutación del gen p53 en el cáncer de colon y recto / P53 gene mutation in colorectal cancer

Background: Genetic events associated to colorectal carcinoma are well characterized, but there is scanty information about this issue in Chilean subjects. Aim: To determine the frequency and distribution of exons 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 mutations and the immunohistochemical expression of p53 gene in biopsy samples of colorectal carcinoma. Material and methods: p53 gene exons 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were directly sequenced in 42 biopsy samples of colorectal carcinoma. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was determined in 35 samples. Results: Thirty one discrete mutations (12 transitions, 11 transversions and 8 insertions) were observed in 21 samples (60 percent). Nine samples had mutations in exon 5, twelve samples had mutations in exon 6, seven samples had mutations in exon 7 and three samples had mutations in exons 8 and 9. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein was observed in 18 of 35 cases. There was a high correlation between the genetic alteration and immunohistochemistry, when p53 was expressed in more the 20 percent of cells. The positive and negative predictive values of p53 expression were 87 and 80 percent respectively. There was a non significant lower mortality among patients with mutations in their biopsies. Conclusions: These results confirm the involvement of p53 gene mutations in colonic carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical methods for the detection of p53 protein have a high predictive value

Mutación del gen p53 en el cáncer de la vesícula biliar / P53 gene mutation in gallbladder cancer

Background: Gallbladder cancer frequency and mortality renders it one of the most important neoplastic diseases in Chile. P53 tumor suppressor gene has been studied in most types of cancer, but there is scarce information about it in gallbladder cancer. Aim: To study the frequency of P53 gene mutation in gallbladder cancer in the ninth region of Chile. Material and methods: In 25 pathological samples of gallbladder cancer, the direct amplification and sequencing of p53 gene exons 5,6,7,8-8 was possible. Results: Seventeen punctual mutations were observed in 13 cases (52 percent). There were 10 transitions, 5 transversions, one insertion (codon 194) and one deletion (codon 186). Eight cases had mutations in exon 5, six had mutations in exon 6, two had mutations in exon 7 and one had mutations in exons 8-9. In 14 of 25 cases, gene p53 protein was positive. When immunohistochemical expression of gene p53 protein was positive in more than 20 percent of cells, there was a high correlation between genetic alterations and immunohistochemical expression of the protein, with a specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values over 80 percent. Conclusions: P53 gene mutation is observed in a high proportion of gallbladder cancers at it can be accurately detected with conventional immunohistochemical techniques. The importance of this gene in the genesis of this carcinoma should be determined studying preneoplastic lesions and early carcinomas

Helicobacter pylori y gastritis crónica: relación entre infección y actividad inflamatoria en población de alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico / Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis: relationship between infection and inflammatory activity in a high risk population for gastric cancer

Background: Helicobacter pylori has been involved in gastric epithelial cell damage and gastric gland loss or atrophy. Aims: to evaluate role of Helicobacter pylori infection in acute and chronic changes of chronic gastritis in a high gastric cancer-risk population. Material and methods: 200 patients with chronic gastritis were selected from pathological files of Temuco Hospital. A complete histopathological protocol was fulfilled considering the presence of infection by Helicobacter pylori-like-organism (HLO), acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate, epithelial cell damage and epithelial cell regeneration. Results: 82 percent of patients showed infection by HLO. Moreover, this infection reached a frequency of 92.7 percent in gastric ulcer patients and 94.4 percent in duodenal ulcer patients. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between HLO infection and polymorphonuclear infiltrate, Iymphocytic infiltrate, mucus depletion and epithelial regenerative activity. There was not a statistical correlation between HLO infection and atrophy. Finally, 90 percent of patients with multifocal atrophic gastritis and 100 percent of patients with diffuse antral gastritis had HLO infection. Conclusions: HLO gastric infection frequently caused acute inflammatory changes in gastric mucosa with chronic gastritis. Sometimes these changes were severe, with marked polymorphonuclear migration throughout epithelium and severe epithelial cell damage. Recovery of these changes could be considered as a goal in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy decision

Cáncer gástrico y regulación del crecimiento tumoral: estudio de marcadores de proliferación celular y del complejo proteínas p53/p21WAF1/CIP1/mdm-2 / Gastric cancer and tumor growth regulation: study of cell proliferation markers and protein complex p53/p21WAF1/CIP1/mdm-2

Gastric cancer and tumor growth regulation. Study of cell proliferation markers and protein complex p53/p21WAF1/CIP1/mdm-2. Background: p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and mdm-2 proteins play an important role in cell cycle regulation. The study of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is important to understand how these tumors progress during their natural history. Aim: To study the relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and mdm-2 and cell proliferation in gastric cancer. Material and methods: Fifty one gastrectomy specimens with gastric cancer were studied using immunohistochemistry for p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and mdm-2. Cell proliferation was determined by immunolabelling with PCNA and Ki67 antigens. Mitosis figures were counted in 10 high power microscopic fields. Results: Patients from whom gastric cancer specimens were obtained had a mean age of 59.3 years. Ki67 and mitosis counting showed the highest correlation index with proliferation indexes studied. No correlation was found between the expression of protein complex p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and mdm-2 and morphological characteristics of gastric tumors. Mdm-2 protein overexpression was the only marker that showed an independent correlation with cell proliferation. Moreover, mdm-2 positive tumors showed the highest proliferation indexes when p53 was not immunohistochemically over-expressed, as determined by PCNA labelling index. Conclusions: In gastric cancer, a direct correlation between mdm-2 overexpression and cell proliferation was observed. Moreover, the fact that mdm-2 positive tumors showed the highest cell proliferation when p53 was not overexpressed, entitles us to hypothesize that mdm-2 overexpression could play a major role in gastric carcinogenesis

Sialadenitis crónica esclerosante inespecífica de la glándula submandibular, tumor de Kuttner: caso clínico / Chronic sclerosing unspecific sialadenitis of submandibular gland, Kuttner tumor: report of case

Chronic sclerosing unspecific sialadenitis or KYttner tumor, is an infrequent inflammatory lesion of submandibular gland. We report a 60 years old male presenting with a slowly growing, painless, bilateral submandibular tumor of two years of evolution. Pathological examinations showed marked atrophy of glandular parenchyma with increased fibrous connective tissue and an intense lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicle formation. Lymphocyte population study with kappa, lambda, CD20 and CD45RO antibodies was similar to that observed in reactive lymph nodes. There was no over expression of Bcl-2 gene protein, involved in the phenomenon of apoptosis of glandular tissue, that could explain the pathogenesis of atrophy. This protein was positive only in lymphoid cells and glandular conducts. An immune etiology, with replacement of glandular tissue by lymphoid and fibrous connective tissue is suggested

Expresión de oncoproteína inhibidora de apoptosis de bcl-2 y de antígeno de proliferación celular ki-67 en cáncer gástrico / Apoptosis inhibiting oncoprotein bcl-2 and celular proliferation antigen ki-67 in gastric cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la expresión de oncoproteína bloqueadora de apoptosis bcl-2 en carcinomas gástricos, comparándola con la tasa de proliferación celular. Se utilizó método inmunohistoquímico para estudiar la expresión oncoproteína bcl-2 y de antígeno de proliferación celular Ki-67 en 35 carcinomas gástricos. Se observó inmunoreactividad para bcl-2 en nueve casos (26 por ciento). La sobreexpresión de bcl-2 se correlacionó significativamente con el grado histológico y la localización del tumor, con mayor expresión en tumores bien y moderadamente diferenciados y en lesiones cardiales. En promedio, un 32,4 por ciento de las células tumorales mostró expresión del antígeno de proliferación celular Ki-67, con mayor expresión en los pacientes de edad más avanzada. La expresión del antígeno Ki-67 en pacientes menores de 50 años de edad fue 21,5 por ciento, mientras que en pacientes de 50 años o más fue 34,9 por ciento. No se observó correlación entre sobreexpresión de proteína bcl-2 e índice de expresión del antígeno Ki-67. La sobreexpresión de bcl-2 en los tumores mejor diferenciados y en lesiones cardiales puede causar una ventaja proliferativa debido al aumento de la vida media de las células tumorales por bloqueo de la apoptosis, no asociada a aumento de la proporción de células en fases activas del ciclo celular

Expresión de la proteína del gen Bcl-2 en tumores de glándulas salivales / Gene Bcl-2 protein expression in salivary gland tumors

Background: Salivary gland tumors have heterogeneous pathological features. Oncogene Bcl-2 product expression inhibits apoptosis and therefore is important for tumor proliferation. Aim: To assess the immunohistochemical gene Bcl-2 protein expression in salivary gland tumors. Material and methods: Twenty seven salivary gland tumors were selected from the archives of the Pathology Department of Temuco Regional Hospital. There were 20 pleiomorphic adenomas, 4 cystic adenoid carcinomas and three mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Immunohistochemical gene Bcl-2 protein expression was determined in paraffin included pathological slices. Results: All pleiomorphic adenomas expressed the protein, specially in tubulo ductal structures, solid and trabecular areas. All cystic adenoid carcinomas expressed the protein in myoepithelial cells. Two mucoepidermoid carcinomas were positive, only in the epidermoid areas. Conclusions: immunohistochemical gene Bcl-2 protein was expressed in virtually all benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. This observation suggest an important role of this protein in the development of these tumors

Cáncer colorrectal: utilización de la técnica azul victoria en la detección de las permeaciones tumorales vasculares venosas: importancia pronóstica / Colorectal cancer: use of the victory blue technique in the detection of the venous vascular tumoral permeations: prognostic importance

La detección del compromiso vascular ha demostrado ser un factor pronóstico importante en algunas neoplasias del tubo digestivo, sin embargo, no ha recibido suficiente atención en su procesamiento de rutina. El objetivo de este trabajo es cuantificar la detección de permeaciones vasculares venosas con la técnica de Azul Victoria (de alta afinidad por las fibras elásticas) y evaluarlas como factor pronóstico en pacientes con cáncer de colon y recto. Se estudiaron 53 pacientes operados por carcinomas de colon y recto con la técnica de Azul Victoria. La distribución de la muestra no mostró diferencia por sexo, con una edad promedio de 63 años. El 96 por ciento correspondió a tumores avanzados, la totalidad de éstos correspondieron a adenocarcinomas, siendo el tipo tubular el más frecuente con 74 por ciento. En el 58 por ciento de los casos no se encontró metástasis ganglionar linfática. Se encontraron permeaciones vasculares de tipo venoso en el 43,4 por ciento de los casos con la técnica de Azul Victoria, a diferencia del 20,5 por ciento encontrado con Hematoxilina eosina (p<0,001). Al analizar el seguimiento de los pacientres se encontró menor sobrevida en el grupo de pacientes con permeaciones con respecto al grupo que no las tenía (Kaplan Meier p=0,04)

Formas de invasión tumoral en el cáncer de la vesícula biliar: importancia del diagnóstico de la infiltración tumoral vascular sanguínea / Diagnosis of vascular invasion using victoria blue stain in gallbladder carcinoma

Background: The infiltration of venous blood vessels in gallbladder carcinoma and its importance as a Prognostic factor has not been well studied. Victoria blue stain has been used to identify vascular involvement in gastric and thyroidal carcinomas. Aim: To assess blood vessel infiltration using Victoria blue stain in gallbladder carcinomas. Material and methods: One hundred forty eight samples of gallbladder carcinoma, coming from 24 men and 123 women aged 60.4ñ12.2 years old, were studied. They were stained with Victoria blue stain to quantify blood vessel invasion. Results: Twenty nine percent of tumors had blood vessel infiltration, 61 percent had lymph vessel and 20 percent had perineural infiltration. Lymph vessel or perineural involvement was found in 81por ciento and 31 percent of those tumors with blood vessel infiltration, respectively. Perineural infiltration was associated with lymph or vascular involment in 93 and 40 percent of tumors, respectively. None of the early carcinomas had blood vessel infiltration, whereas 33 percent of advanced tumors had this type of infiltration (p< 0.001). No differences in vascular infiltration were observed according to the differentiation of the tumor Conclusions: Blood vessel infiltration was observed only in advanced gallbladder carcinomas and was tightly related to the degree of gallbladder wall infiltration. The presence of perineural infiltration was the best ma rker of 1ymph or blood vessel infiltration

Cáncer temprano de la vesícula biliar / Early gallbladder cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características clínicas y el pronóstico de una serie de pacientes portadores de un cáncer temprano de la vesícula biliar. El cáncer temprano de la vesícula se define como aquél en que la invasión en la pared de la vesícula no invade más allá de la túnica muscular. Desde 1989 hasta 1996, 52 pacientes portadores de un cáncer temprano de la vesícula fueron atendidos en nuestro hospital. 28 tenían invasión neoplásica restringida a la mucosa o in situ y en 24 pacientes la invasión alcanzaba la túnica muscular. La totalidad de los pacientes fueron sometidos a una colecistectomía como primera intervención. De estos, en sólo 2 el diagnóstico fue sospechado previo a la colecistectomía mientras que durante el post operatorio el diagnóstico fue sospechado sólo en 3 casos. En los restantes pacientes el diagnóstico sólo fue posible posterior al examen de la pieza de colecistectomía. El análisis del tipo macroscópico de estos pacientes mostró que la mayoría de ellos eran de tipo plano e inaparentes. De los pacientes portadores de un tumor muscular, 10 fueron sometidos a una reintervención con el fín de practicar cirugía oncológica (cuña hepática + linfadenectomía locorregional). Tumor residual fue observado en sólo uno de estos pacientes. El seguimiento de los pacientes fluctúa entre 1 y 100 meses con un mediana de 43. Del total de pacientes, 2 con un tumor con invasión de la túnica muscular fallecieron luego de 11 y 19 meses de seguimiento respectivamente. No hubo pacientes fallecidos entre aquellos con invasión in situ o de la túnica mucosa. Como conclusión de este trabajo podemos decir que el cáncer temprano de la vesícula constituye un tipo de tumor asociado a buen pronóstico, generalmente detectado como consecuencia del estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza de colecistectomía. En relación a su tratramiento, la colecistectomía constituye un método terapéutico adecuado para el manejo de este tipo de tumores